[转载]（翻译）怎么在ASP.NET 2.0中使用Membership - Office中国论坛/Access中国论坛

本文介绍了怎么在ASP.NET 2.0中使用Membership新特性，并且介绍了怎么两种不同的Membership的Provider：ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider和SqlMembershipProvider，前者是基于微软活动目录服务存储用户信息的，或者是基于SQL SERVER存储的。2.0中的这个新机制大大减少了站点用户认证模块的代码量。

使用ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

使用SqlMembershipProvider

ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider的一些设置参数

SqlMembershipProvider的一些设置参数

Membership 的一些API

学会使用Membership进行表单认证

学会设置ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

学会使用ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider建立认证用户

学会设置SqlMembershipProvider

学会建立SQL SERVER Membership数据库

学会使用SqlMembershipProvider建立认证用户

使用ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

如果用户信息是存储在活动目录中，而你的内网程序又因为防火墙或者需要适应不同的浏览器等原因不能使用windows集成认证的话，这个时候你可以选择使用ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider实现表单认证

基本的步骤如下

按照以下步骤来用ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider实现asp.net程序的用户表单认证

1、配置表单认证

2、配置ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

1、配置表单认证

要实现表单认证需要设置<authentication>的mode属性为"Forms"，然后按照下面的例子配置web.config文件

<forms loginUrl="Login.aspx"

name="AppNameCookie"

slidingExpiration="true"

defaultUrl="default.aspx"

cookieless="UseCookies"

enableCrossAppRedirects="false"/>

·
loginUrl
指向登录页面，你需要把它放在支持SSL的目录下

·
Protection 设置成"All"表示为认证凭据同时启用数据来源验证和加密

·
Timeout 指定了认证的生存时间

·
name and path are set to unique values for the current application.

·
requireSSL 设置成"false"表示关闭cookie的SSL加密

·
slidingExpiration 如果设置成"true"的话，每次访问过期时间将会重置

·
defaultUrl 就是设置程序的首页

·
cookieless
设置成"UseCookies"表示使用cookie来传递认证票据

·
enableCrossAppRedirects 设置成"false"表示程序不接受外部的请求

按照下面的例子为<authentication> 增加<authorization>块，表明只有登录过的用户才能进入程序否则会被转到前面loginUrl设置的页面

2、配置ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

按照下面的例子配置ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

<add name="ADConnectionString"

"LDAP://domain.testing.com/CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=testing,DC=com" />

</connectionStrings>

name="MembershipADProvider"

type="System.Web.Security.ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider, System.Web,

Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a"

前面的代码为<providers>添加<add>子节点来为membership指定ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider，活动目录中存储用户信息的连接字符串如下格式LDAP:// server/userdn，

·
server 是活动目录服务器的IP或者名字

·
userdn 是活动目录的DN，格式是/CN=Users然后是逗号加上逗号分割开的域名，比如域名是domain.testing.com，连接字符串就是LDAP://domain.testing.com/CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=testing,DC=com

注意：确保<membership>的defaultProvider属性设置成了你的ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider（在这个例子中是MembershipADProvider），如果需要为机器级别改变这个属性，%windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\{Version}\Config\machine.config文件中改写原有的AspNetSqlMembershipProvider，AspNetSqlMembershipProvider是使用SQLMembershipProvider在\app_data目录中的SQL Server Express数据库来存放用户信息的机制

可以使用下面的几种方法新建用户

·
打开vs.net2005的Website菜单，点击ASP.NET Configuration，然后在安全里面进行设置

·
建立一个ASP.NET页面，放入一个CreateUserWizard控件，这个控件使用配置过的membership provider来实现建立用户的过程

·
手动拖放填写用户名和密码的文本框然后使用Membership API的CreateUser方法来实现

注意：其实所有这些方法最终还是使用Membership.CreateUser来建立用户

默认配置的ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider使用UPNs来进行名字印象，如下

attributeMapUsername="userPrincipalName"

因为所有用户名都需要按照下面的格式：

如果手动使用Membership.CreateUser方法来创建用户，这么做

Membership.CreateUser("UserName@DomainName", "P@ssw0rd", "userName@emailAddress");

你也能设置config文件来改变映象方式：

attributeMapUsername="sAMAccountName"

如果这样设置的话，用户名就如下格式：

这样建立用户：

Membership.CreateUser("UserName", "P@ssw0rd", "userName@emailAddress")

注意：你可以设置requiresUniqueEmail为"true"来确保所有用户的mail地址不重复

要认证用户，你必须要建立一个登录页面，而它也就是唯一不需要验证的页面

可以使用以下方法建立登录页面：

l
用ASP.NET 2.0登录控件，这个控件几乎包含了所有涉及到的操作，它会自动连接配置过的membership provider，不需要写任何代码，登录以后控件可以保存用户信息，比如用加密过的cookie保存。

l
当然你也可以手动来用文本框完成这个过程，可以利用Membership
的ValidateUser来判断登录情况，登录完成后你还需要用FormsAuthentication类来为用户的浏览器写入cookie，下面是例子：

if (Membership.ValidateUser(userName.Text, password.Text))

if (Request.QueryString["ReturnUrl"] != null)

FormsAuthentication.RedirectFromLoginPage(userName.Text, false);

FormsAuthentication.SetAuthCookie(userName.Text, false);

Response.Write("Invalid UserID and Password");

注意：上面两种方式都是使用Membership.CreateUser方法

bool isValidUser = Membership.ValidateUser("UseName@DomainName", "P@ssw0rd");

attributeMapUsername="sAMAccountName"

bool isValidUser = Membership.ValidateUser("UserName", "P@ssw0rd", "userName@emailAddress")

使用SQLMemberShipProvider

当在外网做验证或者内网有没有配置活动目录的时候我们可以使用SQLMembershipProvider来作为验证的数据源，其实默认的设置就是使用SQLMembershipProvider的

按照如下的步骤来为表单验证启用SqlMembershipProvider

1、配置表单认证

2、按照membership数据库

1、省略。。。同ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

2、按照membership数据库

在使用SqlMembershipProvider以前需要安装一个membership数据库，使用一个SQL SERVER管理员权限登录到服务器，然后在Visual Studio 2005命令行模式下执行下面的语句

aspnet_regsql.exe -E -S localhost -A m

看下几个参数：

-E 表明此帐号使用windows集成认证

-S 表明需要安装数据库的服务器名

-A m 表明自动为membership建立相应的表和存储过程

注意：Aspnet_regsql 工具同样为其他ASP.NET 2.0特性安装数据库，比如说成员管理，Profile，个性化Web Parts还有Web Events等，当然都会有其他的命令，如果你不使用任何参数的话可以以想到模式运行程序，会允许你在安装的过程中指定数据库服务器和你需要安装的组件

3、配置SqlMembershipProvider

Machine.config其实默认就是使用SQL Server Express作为SqlMembershipProvider的，如果你的数据库不是运行在本机的，可以修改下配置

</connectionStrings>

type="System.Web.Security.SqlMembershipProvider"

enablePasswordRetrieval="false"

enablePasswordReset="true"

requiresUniqueEmail="true"

passwordFormat="Hashed" />

更多信息看本文“SqlProviderMembershipProvider属性配置”章节

Step 4. Create Users

省略。。。同ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider

ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider的属性配置

表1显示了ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider的属性，默认值和用途

表1: ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider的属性配置

（这部分不翻译）

connectionStringName

Points to a connection string contained in the connection strings configuration section. This attribute is required because it points to the primary LDAP bind string that is used for create, update, get, and validate operations.

Defines the user name used for authentication purposes when connecting to the directory. If this attribute is specified, the companion connectionPassword attribute must also be specified. This attribute is used to configure a set of credentials that can be used to connect to the directory (instead of using the process account or impersonation credentials that are in effect at the time the provider connects to the directory).

Defines the password used for authentication purposes when connecting to the directory. If this attribute is specified, the companion connectionUserName attribute must also be specified. This attribute is used to configure a set of credentials that can be used to connect to the directory (instead of using the process account or impersonation credentials that are in effect at the time the provider connects to the directory).

connectionProtection

Defines the transport layer security options that are used when opening connections to the directory. This attribute can have a string value of "Secure" or "None".

If set to "Secure", the provider attempts to select the highest level of connection security available, based on the type of directory that the provider connects to. The protection is determined as follows:
SSL is first attempted because SSL is an option that works with both Active Directory and ADAM (ActiveDirectoryConnection
Protection.Ssl).
If SSL is not available and the provider is connecting to Active Directory or to a domain-joined ADAM instance, encrypt-sign-and-seal is used (ActiveDirectoryConnection
Protection.SignAndSeal).
If neither SSL nor encrypt-sign-seal is available, the provider generates a ProviderException, stating that it could not automatically select a secure connection to the configured directory.

Controls whether or not a password can be reset. For security reasons, with the ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider, this attribute can only be set to true if all of the following have been set:
requiresQuestionAndAnswer is set to true.
passwordQuestion, passwordAnswer, attributeMapFailedPasswordAnswer
Count, attributeMapFailedPassword
AnswerTime, and attributeMapFailed
PasswordAnswerLockoutTime have been mapped to attributes in the directory.
Note: Even if this attribute is set to true, password resets are allowed only if the credentials used to perform the reset have Administrator privileges in Active Directory..

Allows an administrator to set whether or not search-oriented methods can be called on the provider instance. Because methods such as Find* and GetAllUsers can be very expensive, the default value for this attribute is false.
The following methods throw a NotSupportedException if they are called when this attribute is set to false:
FindUsersByName
FindUsersByEmail
GetAllUsers

requiresQuestionAnd
Answer

Determines whether a password question and answer are required for a password reset.

For security reasons, with ActiveDirectoryMembership
Provider, this attribute can only be set to true if all of the following have been set:
attributeMapPasswordQuestion, attributeMapPasswordAnswer, attributeMapFailedPasswordAnswerCount, attributeMapFailedPasswordAnswerTime, and attributeMapFailedPasswordAnswerLockoutTime

For this provider, applicationName is included for completeness with other providers. Internally, it does not matter what value is placed here because the application name is not used. The maximum value is 256 characters.

Specifies whether the e-mail values used in the application must be unique.

maxInvalidPassword
Attempts

Indicates the number of failed password attempts or failed password answer attempts allowed before a user's account is locked. When the number of failed attempts equals the value set in this attribute, the user's account is locked out.

For the Active Directory provider, this attribute applies only to managing resets that use a password answer. Active Directory manages bad password attempts internally.

passwordAttempt
Window

Indicates the time window, in minutes, during which failed password attempts and failed password answer attempts are tracked.

For the Active Directory provider, this attribute applies only to managing resets that use a password answer. Active Directory manages bad password attempts internally.

passwordAnswer
AttemptLockout
Duration

Specifies the duration, in minutes, that a lockout due to a bad password answer is considered still in effect. Because Active Directory uses the concept of timing out bad password lockouts, this attribute is necessary to support a similar concept of timing bad password answer attempts.

minRequiredPassword
Length

Specifies the minimum number of characters required in a password. The value can be from 1 to 128.

minRequiredNonAlpha
numericCharacters

Specifies the minimum number of non-alphanumeric characters required in a password. This configuration attribute cannot be set to a value greater than the value of the minRequiredPasswordLength. This means the configuration setting must be in the range of
0–minRequiredPasswordLength, inclusive of minRequiredPasswordLength.

passwordStrength
RegularExpression

Provides a valid regular expression that the provider will use as part of password strength validation.

attributeMapUsername

Defines the mapping from a property on a MembershipUser object to an attribute within the directory.
The only directory attributes for mapping to a username if you are using Active Directory are userPrincipalName or sAMAccountName. The only allowed directory attributes for mapping to username if you are using ADAM is userPrincipalName.